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Крупномасштабная политическая карта мира — 2015. Политическая карта мира 2015 года.

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90000 A clickable map of world countries 🙂 90001 90002 Home »World Maps» World Map 90003 90004 90005 90006 90006 90008 90006 90010 Shown above 90011 90006 The map above is a political map of the world centered on Europe and Africa. It shows the location of most of the world’s countries and includes their names where space allows. 90002 Representing a round earth on a flat map requires some distortion of the geographic features no matter how the map is done.We have used a Mercator projection for this map because it is the projection most commonly used in schools. On this map, geographic boundaries that trend north-south appear as vertical lines, geographic boundaries that trend east-west appear as horizontal lines. This type of projection causes a minimum of country-shape distortion near the equator, a small amount of distortion at mid-latitudes, but extreme distortion near the poles. For that reason, the map does not extend to the north and south poles.90003 90015 90015 90015 90006 90010 Shown above 90011 90006 The map shown here is a terrain relief image of the world with the boundaries of major countries shown as white lines. It includes the names of the world’s oceans and the names of major bays, gulfs, and seas. Lowest elevations are shown as a dark green color with a gradient from green to dark brown to gray as elevation increases.This allows the major mountain ranges and lowlands to be clearly visible. 90002 This map is also a Mercator projection centered on Europe and Africa. A scale of miles is not shown on these maps because the scale changes with distance north and south of the equator. Scale is highly exaggerated as distance from the equator increases. 90003 90006 90008 90026 90027 Countries Labeled on the World Country Map: 90028 We were able to show 144 world countries and territories on the map at the top of this page.The United States Department of State recognizes 195 independent countries. We were not able to show every one of these countries on the political map above because many of them were too small to be drawn at this scale. You can find a complete list of countries recognized by the State Department on their «Independent States in the World» webpage. A list of the 144 labeled countries and territories on our map is shown below. 90002 Afghanistan 90006 Algeria 90006 Angola 90006 Argentina 90006 Armenia 90006 Australia 90006 Azerbaijan 90006 Bangladesh 90006 Belarus 90006 Belgium 90006 Benin 90006 Bhutan 90006 Bolivia 90006 Botswana 90006 Brazil 90006 Bulgaria 90006 Burkina Faso 90006 Burma 90006 Burundi 90006 Cambodia 90006 Cameroon 90006 Canada 90006 Central African Republic 90006 Chad 90006 Chile 90006 China 90006 Colombia 90006 Cote d’Ivoire 90006 Cyprus 90003 90002 Czech Republic 90006 Dem.Rep. of the Congo 90006 Denmark 90006 Djibouti 90006 Ecuador 90006 Egypt 90006 Equatorial Guinea 90006 Eritrea 90006 Estonia 90006 eSwatini 90006 Ethiopia 90006 Fiji 90006 Finland 90006 France 90006 French Guiana 90006 Gabon 90006 Georgia 90006 Germany 90006 Ghana 90006 Greece 90006 Greenland 90006 Guinea 90006 Guinea-Bissau 90006 Guyana 90006 Iceland 90006 India 90006 Indonesia 90006 Iran 90006 Iraq 90003 90002 Ireland 90006 Israel 90006 Italy 90006 Japan 90006 Jordan 90006 Kazakhstan 90006 Kenya 90006 Kuwait 90006 Kyrgyzstan 90006 Laos 90006 Latvia 90006 Lebanon 90006 Lesotho 90006 Liberia 90006 Libya 90006 Lithuania 90006 Madagascar 90006 Malawi 90006 Malaysia 90006 Mali 90006 Mauritania 90006 Mexico 90006 Moldova 90006 Mongolia 90006 Morocco 90006 Mozambique 90006 Namibia 90006 Nepal 90006 Netherlands 90003 90002 New Caledonia 90006 New Zealand 90006 Niger 90006 Nigeria 90006 North Korea 90006 Norway 90006 Oman 90006 Pakistan 90006 Papua New Guinea 90006 Paraguay 90006 Peru 90006 Philippines 90006 Poland 90006 Portugal 90006 Qatar 90006 Republic of the Congo 90006 Romania 90006 Russia 90006 Rwanda 90006 Saudi Arabia 90006 Senegal 90006 Sierra Leone 90006 Solomon Islands 90006 Somalia 90006 South Africa 90006 South Korea 90006 South Sudan 90006 Spain 90006 Sri Lanka 90003 90002 Sudan 90006 Suriname 90006 Svalbard 90006 Sweden 90006 Syria 90006 Taiwan 90006 Tajikistan 90006 Tanzania 90006 Thailand 90006 The Gambia 90006 Timor-Leste 90006 Togo 90006 Tunisia 90006 Turkey 90006 Turkmenistan 90006 U.A.E. 90006 Uganda 90006 Ukraine 90006 United Kingdom 90006 United States 90006 Uruguay 90006 Uzbekistan 90006 Venezuela 90006 Vietnam 90006 Western Sahara 90006 Yemen 90006 Zambia 90006 Zimbabwe 90003 90026 90179 90026 Copyright information: The images on this page were composed by Angela King and Brad Cole and are copyright by Geology.com 2008. These images are not available for use beyond our websites. If you would like to share them with others please link to this page.The maps were produced using digital vector graphics licensed from and copyright by Map Resources 2008. .90000 Map | cartography | Britannica 90001 90002 90003 Map 90004, graphic representation, drawn to scale and usually on a flat surface, of features-for example, geographical, geological, or geopolitical-of an area of ​​the Earth or of any other celestial body. Globes are maps represented on the surface of a sphere. Cartography is the art and science of making maps and charts. 90005 90003 topographic map 90004 Topographic map. 90008 genedailey / Fotolia 90009 90002 In order to imply the elements of accurate relationships, and some formal method of projecting the spherical subject to a map plane, further qualifications might be applied to the definition.The tedious and somewhat abstract statements resulting from attempts to formulate precise definitions of maps and charts are more likely to confuse than to clarify. The words map, chart, and plat are used somewhat interchangeably. The connotations of use, however, are distinctive: charts for navigation purposes (nautical and aeronautical), plats (in a property-boundary sense) for land-line references and ownership, and maps for general reference. 90005 90003 globe 90004 Globe. 90008 svl861 / Fotolia 90009 90002 Cartography is allied with geography in its concern with the broader aspects of the Earth and its life.In early times cartographic efforts were more artistic than scientific and factual. As man explored and recorded his environment, the quality of his maps and charts improved. These lines of Jonathan Swift were inspired by early maps: 90005 90018 90002 So geographers, in Afric maps, 90005 90002 With savage pictures fill their gaps, 90005 90002 And o’er unhabitable downs 90005 90002 Place elephants for want of towns. 90005 90027 90002 Topographic maps are graphic representations of natural and man-made features of parts of the Earth’s surface plotted to scale.They show the shape of land and record elevations above sea level, lakes, streams and other hydrographic features, and roads and other works of man. In short, they provide a complete inventory of the terrain and important information for all activities involving the use and development of the land. They provide the bases for specialized maps and data for compilation of generalized maps of smaller scale. 90005 90002 Nautical charts are maps of coastal and marine areas, providing information for navigation.They include depth curves or soundings or both; aids to navigation such as buoys, channel markers, and lights; islands, rocks, wrecks, reefs and other hazards; and significant features of the coastal areas, including promontories, church steeples, water towers, and other features helpful in determining positions from offshore. 90005 90002 The terms hydrography and hydrographer date from the mid-16th century; their focus has become restricted to studies of ocean depths and of the directions and intensities of oceanic currents; though at various times they embraced much of the sciences now called hydrology and oceanography.The British East India Company employed hydrographers in the 18th century, and the first hydrographer of the Royal Navy, Alexander Dalrymple (1737-1808), was appointed in 1795. A naval observatory and hydrographic office was established administratively in the United States Navy in +1854 . In тисячу вісімсот шістьдесят шість a hydrographic office was established by statute, and in 1962 it was renamed the US Naval Oceanographic Office. 90005 90002 Interest in the charting of oceanic areas away from seacoasts developed in the second half of the 19th century, concurrently with the perfection of submarine cables.As knowledge of the configuration of the ocean basins increased, the attention of scientists was drawn to this field of study. A feature of marine science since the 1950s has been increasingly detailed bathymetric (water-depth measurement) surveys of selected portions of the seafloor. Together with collection of associated geophysical data and sampling of sediments, these studies assist in interpreting the geologic history of the ocean-covered portion of the Earth’s crust. 90005 90002 Aeronautical charts provide essential data for the pilot and air navigator.They are, in effect, small-scale topographic maps on which current information on aids to navigation have been superimposed. To facilitate rapid recognition and orientation, principal features of the land that would be visible from an aircraft in flight are shown to the exclusion of less important details. 90005 90038 History of cartography 90039 90002 Centuries before the Christian Era, Babylonians drew maps on clay tablets, of which the oldest specimens found so far have been dated about 2300 bce.This is the earliest positive evidence of graphic representations of parts of the Earth; it may be assumed that mapmaking goes back much further and that it began among nonliterate peoples. It is logical to assume that men very early made efforts to communicate with each other regarding their environment by scratching routes, locations, and hazards on the ground and later on bark and skins. 90005 90002 The earliest maps must have been based on personal experience and familiarity with local features.They doubtless showed routes to neighbouring tribes, where water and other necessities might be found, and the locations of enemies and other dangers. Nomadic life stimulated such efforts by recording ways to cross deserts and mountains, the relative locations of summer and winter pastures, and dependable springs, wells, and other information. 90005 90002 Markings on cave walls that are associated with paintings by primitive man have been identified by some archaeologists as attempts to show the game trails of the animals depicted, though there is no general agreement on this.Similarly, networks of lines scratched on certain bone tablets could possibly represent hunting trails, but there is definitely no conclusive evidence that the tablets are indeed maps. 90005 90002 Many nonliterate peoples, however, are skilled in depicting essential features of their localities and travels. During Capt. Charles Wilkes’s exploration of the South Seas in the 1840s, a friendly islander drew a good sketch of the whole Tuamotu Archipelago on the deck of the captain’s bridge. In North America the Pawnee Indians were reputed to have used star charts painted on elk skin to guide them on night marches across the plains.Montezuma is said to have given Cortés a map of the whole Mexican Gulf area painted on cloth, while Pedro de Gamboa reported that the Incas used sketch maps and cut some in stone to show relief features. Many specimens of early Eskimo sketch maps on skin, wood, and bone have been found. 90005 .90000 Understanding Map Scale ~ GIS Lounge 90001 90002 Scale is the relationship that the depicted feature on map has to its actual size in the real word (more: 90003 map scale 90004). All maps are modeled representations of the real world and therefore the features are reduced in size when mapped. In other words, scale is the measurement of the amount of reduction a mapped feature has to its actual counterpart on the ground. 90005 90006 Representing Scale on a Map 90007 90002 All maps will have an indicator of the scale of the map.A map that does not conform to a specific scale will be indicated by the words «not to scale» (or NTS). This notations is most commonly found on graphic style maps such as the «we are here» or «how to get here» style maps used on invitations. Since GIS relies on a minimum threshold of accuracy and precision, all GIS based maps will have a scale. 90005 90002 There are three ways to show the scale of a map: graphic (or bar), verbal, and representative fraction. Graphic scales, also know as bar scales, as indicated by the name, show the scale graphically.90005 Bar scale showing graphically the ratio of map units to ground units. The top scale shows the comparable ground measurement in kilometers (km) and the bottom bar scale shows the comparable length in miles. 90002 A verbal scale is text based, with the scale shown as a number and type of unit measurement equal to a specified unit measurement on the ground. The left side of the verbal is the unit of measurement on the map and the right side of the ratio is the unit measurement on the ground.For example the verbal scale, 1 «= 100 ‘means that one inch measured the the map represented 100 feet on the ground. This type of scale is sometimes confused with Representative Fraction (RF) scales. 90005 90002 RF scales is also a text based scale but no units are shown. The scale is a simple ratio of map to ground measurement with a colon between the two measurements. For example, a RF scale of 1: 1,200 means that every one unit on the map is equal to 1,200 units on the ground. There is no notation of the actual unit type used on a RF scale.Therefore a RF scale of 1: 1,200 is the same scale as a verbal scale of 1 «= 100 ‘. 90005 90006 Large versus Small Scale 90007 90002 Maps are described as either large scale or small scale. Large scale maps show a smaller amount of area with a greater amount of detail. The geographic extent shown on a large scale map is small. A large scaled map expressed as a representative scale would have a smaller number to the right of the ratio. For example, a large scale map could have a RF scale of 1: 1,000.Large scale maps are typically used to show neighborhoods, a localize area, small towns, etc. 90005 90002 Small scale maps show a larger geographic area with few details on them. The RF scale of a small scale map would have a much larger number to the right of the colon such as 1: 1,000,000. Small scale maps are used to show the extent of an entire country, region, or continent. 90005 90022 90023 Advertisement 90024 90022 90026 90006 Watch: Large Scale Versus Small Scale Maps 90007 90002 90030 90031 90005 90006 How Scale Affects Feature Representation 90007 90002 The larger the scale of the map, the better the features that can be detailed.A map that shows the water network of a small area may show the river as a polygon layer and will show the tributaries of that river. A small scale map covering the area would show that same river as a line feature and the tributaries would be removed (a process known as generalization). The smaller the scale of the map, the less the actual detail of a feature is preserved. Smaller scale maps have river features that have the lines smoothed out whereas a large scale map would show more detail about the twists and turns of that same river.90005 90002 So why not show the same level of detail regardless of the map scale? There are two main reasons. The first reason is the noise level. Showing a lot of detail for features on a small scale map would cause a lot of confusion on the map. By reducing the amount of detail to show only the most important aspects of a feature, the map shows a clearer picture of the area. The second reason is the file size. Features that have a lot of detail are larger in file size. For a small scale map, loading several large layers will slow down the map production.90005 90039 An Example of Small Scale Versus Large Scale Representation 90040 90002 Marina del Rey is an area of ​​Los Angeles County that has one of the largest man-made small boat harbors in the United States. 90005 90002 90005 90002 The representation of this harbor on maps of the area is dependent on the scale of the layer used. The layer showing the counties for the entire United States shown in the image below has a very generalized coast line for this area. The is almost no detail in the coastline and the harbor is not represented at all.90005 Marina del Rey area on a small scale map. The harbor is not shown at all on the map. 90002 The map below shows the same coastline with a layer of all counties for the state of California. While still a small scale layer, the coastline shows more detail. The Marina del Rey harbor is represented by a small inlet on the map. 90005 Marina del Rey area on a county map of the state of California. 90002 In a large scale layer created to show just the County of Los Angeles boundary, the coastline for this area contains the highest level of detail, and a recognizable harbor is represented.90005 Marina del Rey at the county level. 90002 The examples of how the detail of a coastline changes depending on the scale of the layer helps to illustrate as well the importance of carefully considering the scale of any data used for mapping and spatial analysis. Small scale data inherently is less accurate and less detailed than large scale data. Using small scale data for large scale analysis can lead to gross errors. Data created for small scale purposes should not be used in large scale maps.Large scale data unless generalized, should not be used in small scale maps. 90005 90006 Related Resources 90007 90002 What’s in a Map? — Understand the basic elements that make up a well formed map. 90005 90002 Cartographic Resources — Resources for learning more about cartography and cartographic techniques. 90005 90002 90003 The article is a part of the growing GIS Essential series, featuring information about basic concepts used in GIS. 90004 90005 90002 90023 Share this article: 90024 90026 90005.90000 How to Use Map Scales and Grids 90001 90002 Understanding map scales and grids is key to making full use of your map 90003 90004 90005 90006 90005 90008 90009 90010 90011 90006 90005 90006 90015 90016 Map Scales 90017 90008 Scales help us work out distance to our destination and therefore how long it will take us to get there. The smaller the area a map covers, the larger the scale is. So if you have a map on a square metre of paper and the scale of the map is 1: 50,000 and another map on the same size paper with a scale of 1: 25,000, the area covered by the first map will be 4 times the area covered by the second map.Every map will carry a scale, not just the value of say 1: 50,000, but also a depiction of that scale. Here is the scale displayed on our Discovery series map. 90011 90016 Map Grids 90017 90008 Grids on maps serve a different function, they help to tell you, where on a map you are located. That could be because you have injured you ankle while out and about and you need help, or perhaps you found an interesting antiquity and you want to share that with a friend. 90011 90008 When taking a grid reference, always read left to right along the bottom or top of the map first and then bottom to top along the side of the map.This is particularly important in an emergency situation. If you want to precise in your grid reference, in your mind, roughly divide each side of the grid reference box into 10. That way you can give what is known as a 6 figure grid reference. 90011 90016 Discovery Series Map Grid 90017 90008 Let’s give a grid reference for 90029 Lugnaquillia 90030 with the following steps. 90011 90032 90005 Identify letter for 100,000 metre grid square in which the point is located. Grid Square T. The bottom left of each lettered square starts at 0 and goes to 100 in each direction.Each incremental square measures 1,000 metres on the ground. 90006 90005 Quote the eastings. Locate the grid line immediately left of the point, read the large figures labelling the line either on the top or bottom of the margin of the map. Then estimate in tenths from grid line to point. Grid line 03 estimation 2. Eastings 032 90006 90005 Quote the Northings. Locate the grid line immediately below the point, read the large figures labelling the line either on the top or bottom of the margin of the map.Then estimate in tenths from grid line to point. Grid line 91 estimation 8. Northing 918. 90006 90005 90029 Sample reference T 032 918 90030 For local reference, letter may be omitted. 90006 90043 90008 A Discovery series map will also give you centre of sheet coordinates in Irish Transverse Mercator (ITM) which is a newly derived GPS compatible mapping projection that is associated with the European Terrestrial Reference System 1989 (ETRS89). 90011 90016 Four-figure grid references 90017 90008 As we already said, when giving a four-figure grid reference, always give the eastings number first and the northings number second.An easy way to remember this is to keep in mind the letters HV (90029 H 90030 igh 90029 V 90030 oltage), that is horizontal reading first followed the vertical reading. 90011 90008 In the diagram below, the number 4 is in square 28 across (on the horizontal) and square 54 up (on the vertical) and therefore, the four-figure grid reference is ‘2854’. 90011 90008 90011 90008 The other numbers in the squares above would get the following grid reference. 90011 90032 90005 2755 90006 90005 2855 90006 90005 2754 90006 90005 2854 90006 90043 90008 In order to be a little more precise with your grid references, you can give a 6 figure grid reference as shown below.90011 90008 90011 90008 In the above diagram, we have taken the lower right square from the previous diagram and divided it by 10 in each direction. The pink circle is in the four-figure grid reference square ‘2552, but more accurately it is 2 tenths across and 7 tenths up within that enlarged grid square, therefore the six-figure map reference is’ 252527 ‘. The red circle has a 6 figure grid reference of 257522. 90011 90008 Ireland is covered by the National Grid, that is the country is divided into 25 squares from A to Z (the letter i is not used).When you quote the six-figure grid reference you should put the letter of the area you are in before the numbers. 90011 90008 For example, the grid reference for Lugnaquillia, without the grid letter would read 032 918, but these numbers appear in every 100km square. The complete grid reference you should give to correctly identify Lugnaquillia would be «T 032 918». 90011 90008 It is important to note that the National Grid reference is not related to longitude and latitude, even though these references are marked on the edges of our maps.Latitude refers to the north-south position of a point and longitude refers to the east-west position. It is a more universal and accurate way of referencing a point on the earth’s surface, used by satellites and GPS machines. 90011 90016 Watch the 3 other videos in this set. 90017 90008 How to use Map and Compass 90011 90008 Safety in the Outdoors 90011 90008 Maps and Heritage 90011 .